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Influence of prematurity and growth restriction on the adipokine profile, IGF-I and ghrelin levels in cord blood. Relationship with glucose metabolism

G Martos, Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Nino Jesus, Madrid, Spain
V Barrios, Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Nino Jesús, Madrid, Spain
M Saenz de Pipaon, Neonatology, Hospital Infantil Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
J Pozo, Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Nino Jesus, Madrid, Spain
I Dorronsoro, Neonatology, Hospital Infantil Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
M Martinez-Biarge, Neonatology, Hospital Infantil Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
J Quero, Neonatology, Hospital Infantil Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
J Argente, Pediatrics, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid, Spain

Correspondence: Jesús Argente, Email: argentefen{at}terra.es

Objective: To determine the influence of gestational age and fetal growth restriction on the cord blood adipokine profile, IGF-I and ghrelin levels, and their relationship with glucose metabolism.

Study design: One hundred and ninety newborns (99 preterm and 91 full term) were studied and, according to their anthropometry at birth, classified as small (SGA) or adequate for gestational age (AGA).

Methods: Venous cord blood serum levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I), IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), adiponectin, resistin, leptin, leptin soluble receptor (sOB-R), tumoral necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6), total ghrelin and acylated ghrelin were determined and compared between preterm and full term, as well as between SGA and AGA, newborns. Correlations with newborn weight, gestational age and HOMA index, as an index of insulin resistance, were determined.

Results: Preterm newborns had higher HOMA, sOB-R, resistin and IL-6 and lower IGF-I, IGFBP-3, leptin and adiponectin levels than full term newborns. SGA had lower IGF-I, IGFBP-3, leptin, IL-6 and adiponectin and higher sOB-R and total ghrelin than AGA newborns. Adiponectin and HOMA showed independent positive and negative correlations with gestational age, respectively, but not with neonatal weight. Birth weight was correlated positively with IGF-I and leptin levels and negatively with total ghrelin ones.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the lack of proper acquisition of adipose tissue by the fetus either due to prematurity or to fetal growth restriction is associated with changes in the cord blood adipokine profile that may contribute to the impairment of glucose metabolism.