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Thyroid state-dependent effect of retinoic acid on thyroid hormone and retinoic acid receptors

Vitamin A (retinol) and its biologically active derivatives, such as all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) and 9-cis RA, collectively called retinoids, have profound effects on vision, reproduction, growth and differentiation of organisms, as well as on embryonal morphogenesis (1).

Vitamin A is a liposoluble nutrient derived from retinyl esters in animal fat and carotinoids in plants, which is transported in the plasma bound to retinol-binding protein and, once entered into the cells, serves as the precursor of the biologically active RA by means of intracellular oxidation. This process involves cellular retinol-binding proteins and the enzymes retinol- and retinal-dehydrogenase. Probably, intracellular isomerases further convert part of RA to 9-cis-RA (2).

The relationship between retinoids and thyroid function was suspected long ago when an orange–yellow pigmentation of the skin was constantly described in long-standing hypothyroid patients. This colouring of the skin was later demonstrated to be due to

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				T. Satoh, T. Ishizuka, T. Monden, N. Shibusawa, T. Hashida, M. Kishi, M. Yamada, and M. Mori Regulation of the Mouse Preprothyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Gene by Retinoic Acid Receptor Endocrinology, November 1, 1999; 140(11): 5004 - 5013. [Abstract] [Full Text]